Biography of Salahuddin Ayyubi

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎, Kurdish: سەلاحەدینی ئەییووبی‎ or Selahedînê Eyûbî) (1137/1138 – March 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.

Originally sent to Fatimid Egypt by his Zengid lord Nur ad-Din in 1163, Saladin climbed the ranks of the Fatimid government by virtue of his military successes against Crusader assaults on its territory and his personal closeness to the caliph al-Adid. When Saladin's uncle Shirkuh died in 1169, al-Adid appointed Saladin vizier, a rare nomination of a Sunni Muslim to such an important position in the Shia Muslim-led caliphate. During his term as vizier Saladin began to undermine the Fatimid establishment, and following al-Adid's death in 1171 he took over the government and realigned the country's allegiance with the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate. In the following years, he led forays against the Crusaders in Palestine, ordered the successful conquest of Yemen and staved off pro-Fatimid rebellions in Upper Egypt.

Not long after the death of Nur ad-Din in 1174, Saladin personally led the conquest of Syria, peacefully entering Damascus at the request of its governor. By mid-1175, Saladin had conquered Hama and Homs, inviting the animosity of his former Zengid lords, who had been the official rulers of Syria. Soon after, he defeated the Zengid army in battle and was thereafter proclaimed the "Sultan of Egypt and Syria" by the Abbasid caliph al-Mustadi. He made further conquests in northern Syria and Jazira, escaping two attempts on his life by the Assassins, before returning to Egypt in 1177 to address issues there. By 1182, Saladin completed the conquest of Syria after capturing Aleppo, but ultimately failed to take over the Zengid stronghold of Mosul.

Under Saladin's personal leadership, the Ayyubid army defeated the Crusaders at the decisive Battle of Hattin in 1187, leading the way to the Muslims' re-capture of Palestine from the Crusaders who had conquered it 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for an extended period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslim powers of the region. In 1193 he died in Damascus, having given much of his wealth to his subjects. He is buried in a mausoleum adjacent to the Umayyad Mosque. Saladin has become a prominent figure in Muslim, Arab, Turkish and Kurdish culture.

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萨拉赫AD-DIN优素福·本·阿尤布（阿拉伯语：صلاحالدينيوسفبنأيوب，库尔德：سەلاحەدینیئەییووبی或SelahedînêEyûbî）（一千一百三十八分之一千一百三十七 - 1193年3月），在西方世界萨拉丁更广为人知，是埃及的第一个苏丹与叙利亚和阿尤布王朝的创始人。库尔德人血统的穆斯林，萨拉丁率领地中海东部穆斯林反对欧洲十字军。在他的权力的高度，他的苏丹国包括埃及，叙利亚，美索不达米亚，希贾兹，也门和北非的其他部分。

最初于1163年发往埃及法蒂玛王朝由他Zengid主人努尔广告声浪，萨拉丁凭借他对在其领土上十字军攻击和他的个人亲密关系的哈里发ADID战绩登上了法蒂玛政府的行列。当萨拉丁的叔叔谢尔库赫在1169年去世，AL-ADID任命萨拉丁大臣，一个逊尼派穆斯林的一个难得的提名在什叶派穆斯林领导的哈里发如此重要的地位。在他任期的总督萨拉丁开始破坏法蒂玛王朝建立，并按照AL-ADID的死亡1171他接管了政府，并重新调整该国的效忠与巴格达为基础的阿拔斯王朝的哈里发。在随后的几年，他领导了反对十字军突袭巴勒斯坦，下令也门成功征服和压扁了在上埃及亲法蒂玛叛乱。

没过多久努尔广告声浪在1174去世，萨拉丁亲自率领叙利亚的征服，在其州长的要求，和平进入大马士革。年年-1175，萨拉丁征服了哈马和霍姆斯，邀请他的前Zengid领主，谁曾叙利亚官方统治者的敌意。不久之后，他击败了Zengid军队在战斗中被随后宣布了“埃及和叙利亚的苏丹”，由阿拔斯王朝哈里发Mustadi。他在叙利亚和贾兹拉北部做了进一步征服，逃脱两次尝试对他的生活的刺客，回到埃及1177年，以解决那里的问题之前。到1182萨拉丁完成了叙利亚的占领阿勒颇捕获后，但最终未能接管摩苏尔Zengid据点。

在萨拉丁的个人领导下，阿尤布军队击败了十字军在哈廷决战1187，一路领先，从谁88年更早中曾战胜十字军穆斯林“重新捕获巴勒斯坦。虽然十字军耶路撒冷王国将继续存在较长时间，其在海廷的失败标志着一个转折点，它与该地区的穆斯林权力冲突。在1193，他在大马士革去世，被给了他丰富的他的臣民。他被埋葬在邻近倭马亚清真寺一座陵墓。萨拉丁已经成为一个突出人物的穆斯林，阿拉伯，土耳其和库尔德人的文化。

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